Assessment Tools

The following measures have been utilized in empirical studies and have demonstrated adequate validity and reliability. To access the actual scale or learn more about it, please refer to the journal articles listed in the references for each measure.

We certainly do not view this list as comprehensive - it would be quite impossible for us to be aware of every well-validated assessment instrument relevant to this list!  If you aware of other well-validated measures that we have not included, please contact Joye at joyeanestis@psychotherapybrownbag.com.

The list is organized as follows: diagnostic interviews are listed first, followed by clinically relevant information in alphabetical order (Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, eating disorder symptoms, emotion, impulsivity, personality & personality disorder symptoms, substance use, suicide & self-injury).

DIAGNOSIS

Anxiety Disorders  Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV)

• Semi-structured interview that assesses the presence of DSM-IV-TR anxiety disorder diagnoses.
• Also screens for mood disorders, psychotic symptoms, somatoform disorders, & substance use.
• Brown, T.A., DiNardo, P.A., & Barlow, D.H. (1994). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV). New York: Graywind.

Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines – Revised (DIB-R)

• Semi-structured interview that assesses the degree to which individuals exhibit core symptoms of borderline personality disorder.
• Yields four subscales: affect regulation, cognitive disturbance, interpersonal relationships, and action impulse patterns.
• Zanarini, M., Frankenburg, F., & Vujanovic, A. (2002).  The interrater & test-retest reliability of the revised diagnostic interview for borderlines (DIB-R). Journal of Personality Disorders, 16, 270-276.

Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI)

• A short, structured diagnostic interview for the DSM-IV disorders of adulthood.
• Sheehan, D., Lecrubier, Y., Harnett-Sheehan, K., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Hergueta, T., Baker, R., & Dunbar, G. (1998).  The Mini Internatioanl Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development & validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview.  Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 (Suppl. 20), 22-33.

Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview - Kid Version (MINI-KID)

• A short, structured diagnostic interview for the DSM-IV disorders of childhood.
• Sheehan, D., Lecrubier, Y., Harnett-Sheehan, K., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Hergueta, T., Baker, R., & Dunbar, G. (1998).  The Mini Internatioanl Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development & validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview.  Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 (Suppl. 20), 22-33.

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I)

• Semi-structured interview; Contain modules for each DSM-IV-TR Axis I diagnosis.
• Form provides scoring protocol to ensure valid & reliable diagnosis.
• First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. (1995).  Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders.  Patient ediation (SCID-I/P).  New York, NY: Biometrics.

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II disorders (SCID-II)

• Semi-structured interview; Contains modules for each DSM-IV-TR Axis II personality disorder.
• Form provides scoring protocol to ensure valid & reliable diagnosis.
• First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. (1997).  Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV personality disorder.  American Psychiatric Press: Washington, D.C.

ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)

Barkley's Teacher, Parent, and Self-Report Measures

• Questionnaires assessing the degree to which client currently exhibits various ADHD symptoms as well as the degree to which the client has exhibited such symptoms in his or her lifetime.
• Barkley, R.A. (2005).  Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment, 3rd edition.  New York: Guilford.

Continuous Processing Task

• Computer task measuring the degree to which client can control his or her attention.
• Gordon Diagnostic System (created by M. Gordon).  See Gordon (1987).  How is a computerized attention test used in the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder? In J. Loney (Ed.) The young hyperactive child: Answers to questions about diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.  New York: Haworth Press.

Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-2)

• Structured interview assessing inattention and hyperactivity symptoms
• Can be administered to multiple informants (e.g., parents, teachers)
• Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Dulcan, M., Davies, M., Placentini, J., Schwab-Stone, M., et al. (1996).  The second version of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-2).  Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 865-877.

ANXIETY DISORDER SYMPTOMS

Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI)

• 16-item self-report questionnaire; Measures the degree to which individuals fear the symptoms of anxiety (e.g., catastrophic misinterpretations of normative somatic experience).
• Reiss, S., Peterson, R., Gursky, D., & McNally, R. (1986).  Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, & the prediction of fearfulness.  Behaviour Research & Therapy, 24, 1-8.

Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)

• 21-item self-report questionnaire; Measures the degree to which an individual has been experiencing a variety of anxiety symptoms over the course of the previous two weeks.
• Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. (1988).  An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.  Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 56, 893-897.

Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)

• Semi-structured interview; Obsessions and compulsions are assessed separately
• Interview also yields an overall severity scale
• Can be completed by the child/adolescent, parents, or both working together
• Goodman, W.K., Rasmussen, S.A., Price, L.H., & Rapaport, J.L. (1986).  Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS).  Unpublished manuscript.
• Scahill, L., Riddle, M.A., McSwiggin-Hardin, M., Ort, S.I., King, R.A., Goodman, W.K., Cicchetti, D., & Leckman, J. (1997).  Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: Reliability and validity.  Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 844-852.

Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 21)

• 21-item self-report questionnaire; Measures a variety of symptoms relevant to both depression & anxiety.
• Lovibond, S., & Lovibond, P. (1995).  Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.).  Syndey: Psychology Foundation.

Discomfort Intolerance Scale (DIS)

• 5-item self-report questionnaire; Assesses the degree to which individuals are able to tolerate bodily sensations.
• Schmidt, N.B., Richey, J., & Fitzpatrick, K. (2006).  Discomfort intolerance: Development of a construct & measure relevant to panic disorder.  Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 263-280.

Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS)

• 24-item self-report questionnaire (also available as a structured interview); 13 items describe performance situations & 11 items describe social situations.
• Fresco, D., Coles, M., Heimberg, R., Liebowitz, M., Hami, S., Stein, M., & Goetz, D. (2001).  The Liebowitz social anxiety scale: A comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report & clinician-administered formats.  Psychological Medicine, 31, 1025-1035.
• Liebowitz, M. (1987).  Social phobia.  Modern problems in pharmacopsychiatry, 22, 141-173.

Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory - Revised (OCI-R)

• 18-item self-report questionnaire; Assesses several symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder
• 6 subscales: washing, checking, ordering, obsessing, hoarding, & neutralizing.
• Foa, E., Huppert, E., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. (2002).  The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Development & validation of a short version.  Psychological Assessment, 14(4), 485-496.

Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PWSQ)

• 16-item questionnaire; Assesses the degree to which individuals tend to worry.
• Meyer, T., Miller, M., Metzger, R., & Borkovec, T. (1990).  Development & validity of the Penn State Worry scale.  Behaviour Research & Therapy, 28, 487-495.

Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS)

• Assesses general social interaction fears & corresponds to social anxiety disorder, generalized type.
• Mattick, R., & Clark, J. (1998).  Development & validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear & social interaction anxiety.  Behaviour Research & Therapy, 36, 455-470.

Social Phobia and Anxiety Scale (SPAS)

• 45-item self-report questionnaire comprised of two subscales: social phobia (32 items) and agoraphobia (13 items)
• The agoraphobia subscale total is subtracted from the social phobia subscale to obtain true score, so as to only consider social phobia symptoms not better accounted for by agoraphobia.
• Turner, S., Beidel, D., Dancu, C., & Stanley, M. (1989).  An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears & anxiety: The social phobia & anxiety inventory.  Psychological Assessment, 1, 35-40.

Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (SSAI/STAI)

• 40-item self-report questionnaire; Measues the degree to which individuals exhibit state (momentary) & trait (stable) symptoms of anxiety.
• Spielberger, C. (1983).  Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).  Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Alto, CA.

Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)

• Semi-structured interview; Includes a checklsit of various obsessions & compulsions, plus 10 items covering details (e.g., frequency, degree of distress) divided equally amongst obsessions & compulsions.
• Goodman, W., Price, L., Rasmussen, S., Mazure, C., Fleishcmann, R., Hill, C., et al. (1989).  The Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale: I. Development, use, & reliability.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1006-1011.

DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS

Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II)

• 21-item self-report questionnaire; Measures the degree to which an individual has been experiencing a variety of depressive symptoms over the course of the previous two weeks.
• Beck, A., Steer, R., & Brown, G. (1996).  Manual for Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II).  Psychology Corporation: San Antonio, TX.
• Beck, A., Steer, R., & Garbin, M. (1988).  Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory twenty-five years of evaluation.  

Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 21)

• 21-item self-report questionnaire; Measures a variety of symptoms relevant to both depression & anxiety.
• Lovibond, S., & Lovibond, P. (1995).  Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.).  Syndey: Psychology Foundation.

Depressive Interpersonal Relationships Inventory - Reassurance Seeking Subscale

• 4-item self-report questionnaire; Assesses the degree to which an individual engages in excessive reassurance seeking.
• Joiner, T., Alfano, M., & Metalsky, G. (1992).  When depression breeds contempt.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 165-173.

Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)

• 17 item clinician administered semi-structured interview; Assesses both recent symptoms and those from prior episodes.
• Hamilton, M. (1960).  The Hamilton depression rating scale: A rating scale for depression.  Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23, 56-62.

Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology - Self-Report (IDS-SR)

• 30-item self-report questionnaire; Measures the degree to which an individual is exhibiting symptoms of depression.
• Rush, A., Giles, D., Schlesser, M., Fulton, C., Weissenburger, J., & Burns, C. (1986).  The inventory for depressive symptomatology (IDS): Preliminary findings.  Psychiatry Research, 18, 65-87.

Response Style Questionnaire - Ruminative Response Subscale (RSQ-RRS)

• 22-item self-report questionnaire; Assesses the degree to which individuals ruminate in response to depressed mood & cognitions.
• Butler, L., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1994).  Gender differences in response to depressed mood in a college sample.  Sex Roles, 30, 331-346.

EATING DISORDER SYMPTOMS

Binge Eating Scale (BES)

• 18-item self-report questionnaire; Assesses components of binge eating behavior.
• Gormally, J., Black, S., Daston, S., & Rardin, D. (1983).  The assessment of binge eating behavior among obese patients.  Addictive Behaviors, 7, 47-59.

Eating Disorder Examination Interview (EDE-I)

• Semi-structured interview for assessing the presence of eating disorder symptoms.
• Yields 4 subscales: restraint, eating concern, shape concern, & weight concern.
• Fairburn, C., & Cooper, Z. (1993).  The eating disorder examination (12th ed.). In C.G. Fairburn & G. Wilson (Eds.), Binge eating nature, assessment, & treatment.  New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)

• 36-item self-report questionnaire based on the EDE interview.
• Fairburn, C., & Beglin, S. (1994).  Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self-report questionnaire?  International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16, 363-370.

Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-3)

• 91-item self-report questionnaire; Assesses deficits in various components of disordered eating,(e.g., binge eating, perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness)
• Garner, D. (2004).  Eating disorders inventory 3.  Psychological Assessment Resources: Lutz, FL.

EMOTION

Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)

• 39-item self-report questionnaire; Assesses deficits in various components of emotion regulation, including understanding of emotions, acceptance of emotions, & access to effective emotion regulation strategies.
• Gratz, K.L., & Roemer, L. (2004).  Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale.  Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41-54.

Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS)

• 15-item self-report questionnaire; Measures the degree to which individuals believe the experience of negative affect is unbearable.
• Simons, J., & Gaher, R. (2005).  The distress tolerance scale: Development & validation of a self-report measure.  Motivation & Emotion, 29, 83-102.

Distress Tolerance Test (DTT)

• Alternative form of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task; Individual attempts to sort cards by unknown categories & is given automatic feedback regarding whether or not sorting attempts are correct.
• Nock, M., & Mendes W. (2008).  Physiological arousal, distress tolerance, & social problem-solving deficits among adolescent self-injurers.  Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 76, 28-38.

Emotion Reactivity Scale (ERS)

• 21 item self-report questionnaire
• Assesses sensitivity to emotion, intensity of emotion, and persistence of emotion.
• Nock, M.K., Wedig, M.M., Holmberg, E.G., & Hooley, J.M. (2008).  The emotion reactivity scale: Development, evaluation, and relation to self-injurious thoughts and behaviors.  Behavior Therapy, 39, 107-116.

Positive Affect - Negative Affect Scale (PANAS)

• 20-item self-report questionnaire; Measures the degree to which an individual is currently feeling different emotions.
• Useful for frequent administrations in studies attempting to measure changes in affective state & studies attempting to control for current affective state.
• Watson, D., Clark, L., & Tellegen, A. (1998).  Developement & validation of brief measures of positive & negative affect: the PANAS scales.  Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.

Toronto Alexythymia Scale - 20 (TAS-20)

• 20-item self-report questionnaire; Measures the degree to which indiviudals have a hard time understanding & expressing emotions.
• Yields three subscales: difficulty identifying emotions, difficulty describing emotions, & externally-oriented thinking.
• Bagby, M., Parker, J., & Taylor, G. (1994).  The twenty-item Toronto Alexythymia Scale I: Item selection & cross-validation of the factor structure.  Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23-31.
• Bagby, M., Taylor, G., & Parker, J. (1994).  The twenty-item Toronto Alexythymia Scale II: Convergent, discriminant, & concurrent validity.  Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23-31.

IMPULSIVITY

Barrett Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11)

• 30-item self-report questionnaire; Items measure the degree to which individuals exhibit components of trait impulsivity (i.e., attentional, motor, non-planning)
• Patton, J., Stanford, M., & Barratt, E. (1995).  Factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale.  Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 768-774.

Impulsive Behavior Scale (IBS)

• 25-item self-report questionnaire; Individuals indicate how frequently they have engaged in a variety of behaviors through the course of their life.
• Rosotto, E., Yager, J., & Rorty, M. (1998).  The impulsive behavior scale. In J. Vanderlinden & W. Vandereycken (Eds)., Trauma, dissociation, & impuslive dyscontrol in eating disorders.  Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel.

UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P)

• 59-item self-report questionnaire; Divides traditional conceptualization of impulsivity into 5 subscales [negative urgency, positive urgency, sensation seeking, (lack of) perseverance, (lack of) premeditation]
• Cyders, M., Smith, G., Spillane, N., Fischer, S., Annus, A., & Peterson, C. (2007).  Integration of impulsivity & positive mood to predict risky behavior: Development & validation of a measure of positive urgency.  Psychological Assessment, 19, 107-118.
• Whiteside, S., & Lynam, D. (2001).  The five factor model & impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity.  Personality & Individual Differences, 30, 669-689.

UPPS-R Interview (UPPS-R)

• Semi-structured interview format for UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale.
• Contact author of UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale for access to this interview.

PERSONALITY & PERSONALITY DISORDER SYMPTOMS

Borderline Symptom List (BSL)

• Self-report questionnaire of symptoms common in borderline personality disorder.
• Bohus M., Limberger, M., Frank, U., Chapman, A., Kuhler, T., & Stieglitz, R. (2007) Psychometric Properties of the Borderline Symptom List (BSL). Psychopathology, 40, 126-132.

Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology - Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ)

• 290-item self-report questionnaire.
• Assesses multiple domains of personality (e.g., compulsivity, affective lability); Measures personality characteristics along a continuum.
• Livesley, W., Jackson, D., & Schroeder, M. (1992).  Factorial structure of traits delineating personality disorders in clinical & general populations.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 432-440.
  

Levenson Psychopathy Scales

• 26-item self-report questionnaire; Assesses 2 seperate components of psychopathy (Primary Psychopathy, Secondary Psychopathy).
• Levenson, M., Kiehl, K., & Fitzpatrick, C. (1995).  Assessing psychopathic attitudes in a non-institutionalized population.  Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68, 151-158.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

• 567 item self-report questionnaire.
• Items are in true-false format.
• Produces personality profile indicating areas in which the participant exhibits clinically relevant symptoms.
• Indicates if the individual scores similarly to a population of interest (e.g. individuals with depression, individuals with schizophrenia)
• Includes scales that indicate the likelihood that a participant is exagerrating or understating symptom severity or answering at random.
• Butcher, J.N., Dahlstrom, W., Graham, J., Tellegren, A., & Kraemmer, B. (1989).  MMPI-2 manual for administration and scoring.  Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI)

• 60-item self-report questionnaire; Five 12-item subscales, each representing 1 component of the 5 Factor Model of personality.
• Costa, P., & McRae, R (Eds.).  Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) & the Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional Manual.  Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R)

• Semi-structured interview to assess various symptoms of psychopathy.
• Yields two subscales: Factor 1 is characterized by callous-unemotional traits & superficial charm, & Factor 2 is characterized by under-controlled antisocial behavior.
• Hare, R. (2003).  The Hare Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (2nd edition). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems. 

Psychopathic Personality Inventory - Revised (PPI-R)

• 154-item self-report questionnaire; Assesses various aspects of psychopathy.
• Does not measure antisocial behavior, thus producing a "pure" measure of psychopathic personality traits.
• Lilienfeld, S., & Widows, M. (2005).  Psychopathic Personality Inventory - Revised: Professional Manual.  Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI)

• 10 item self-report questionnaire
• Assesses the Big Five personality characteristics
• Gosling, S.D., Rentfrow, P.J., Swann, W.B. (2003).  A very brief measure of the Big Five personality domains.  Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504-528.

SUBSTANCE USE

Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ)

• 15-item self-report questionnaire.
• Assesses rationale for consuming alcohol; Yields 3 subscales (cope with negative affect, increase positive affect, social reasons).
• Cooper, M., Russell, M., Skinner, J., & Windle, M. (1992).  Development & validation of a 3-dimensional measure of drinking motives.  Psychological Assessment: Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 4, 123-132.

Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)

• 6-item self-report questionnaire; Assesses degree of dependence on nicotine.
• 2 items utilize a Likert-style dimensional scale & 4 items utilize a dichotomous yes/no format
• Heatherton, T., Kozlowski, L., Frecker, R., & Fagerstrom, K. (1991).  The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire.  British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1119-1127.

Michigan Assessment Screening Test - Alcohol Drug (MAST-AD)

• 25-item self-report questionanire; Measures the degree to which an individual exhibits problems associated with the use of drugs & alcohol.
• Westermeyer, J., Yargic, I., & Thuras, P. (2002).  Michigan assessment screening test for alcohol & drugs (MAST-AD): Evaluation in a clinical sample.  American Journal of Addiction, 13, 151-162.

SUICIDE & SELF-INJURY

Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale (ACSS)

• 25-item self-report questionnaire; Measures the degree to which an individual exhibits the acquired capability for suicide (Joiner, 2005), defined as a habituation to both physical pain & fear of death.
• Bender, T., Gordon, K., & Joiner, T. (2007).  Impulsivity & suicidality: A test of the mediating role of painful experiences.  Unpublished manuscript.
• Joiner, T. (2005).  Why people die by suicide.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Van Orden, K., Witte, T., Gordon, K., Bender, T., & Joiner, T. (2008).  Suicidal desire & the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults.  Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 76, 72-83.

Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS)

• 21-item self-report questionnaire; Assesses various aspects of suicide risk (e.g., number of past attempts, current degree of ideation)
• Beck, A., Steer, R., & Ranieri, W. (1988).  Scale for suicide ideation: Psychometric properties of a self-report version.  Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 499-505.

Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM)

• 39-item self-report questionnaire (can also be administered as a semi-structured interview)
• 11 items assess the frequency & severity of various self-injurious behaviors over the course of the previous year; 6 items assess factors related to self-injury episodes, including amount of pain experienced, amount of planning prior to episode, & whether or not the participant had suicidal intent; 22 items assess the motivation for engaging in self-injurious behaviors, thus alowing for an examination of the function(s) of the behavior(s).
• Lloyd, E., Kelley, M., & Hope, T. (1997).  Self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents: Descriptive characteristics & provisional prevalence rates.  Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Behavioral Medicine.  New Orleans, LA.

Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ)

• 20-item self-report questionnaire; Measures the degree to which individuals exhibit perceived burdonsomeness & thwarted belongingness, the 2 factors that comprise the desire for suicide in Joiner's (2005) interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior.
• Joiner, T. (2005).  Why people die by suicide.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Van Orden, K., Witte, T., Gordon, K., Bender, T., & Joiner, T. (2008).  Suicidal desire & the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults.  Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 76, 72-83.

Painful & Provocative Events Scale (PPES)

• 25-item self-report questionnaire; Assesses the number of times individuals have been exposed to a variety of painful & provocative experiences (e.g., contact sports, physical abuse).
• Van Orden, K., Witte, T., Gordon, K., Bender, T., & Joiner, T. (2008).  Suicidal desire & the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults.  Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 76, 72-83.

Self-Injurious Thoughts & Behaviorsa Interview (SITBI)

• Structured clinical interview; Assesses various components of self-injurious thoughts & behaviors, including frequency, severity, & age of onset.
• Nock, M., Holmberg, E., Photos, V., & Michel, B. (2007).  The self-injurious thoughts & behaviors interview: Development, reliability, & validity in an adolescent sample.  Psychological Assessment, 19, 309-317.